Buddhism, Shamanism and the use of entheogens

topic posted Thu, October 15, 2009 - 9:00 PM by  Auton
Share/Save/Bookmark
Advertisement
An interesting mixture of atheism/non-theism, Shamanism, Buddhism and a different view on the effects of entheogens;



Materialistic versus spiritual explanations of the effects of hallucinogens/entheogens

From the materialist's viewpoint, transcendental and religious experiences are the result of the disordered functioning of the brain. The fact that people get spiritual experiences under the influence of hallucinogenic drugs clearly demonstrates that all these transpersonal experiences are simply delusions caused by disruption of the normal electrochemical activity of the neurones.

From the spiritual viewpoint the mind is not the same thing as the brain. The brain is an organ which has evolved to present a particular interpretation of reality to the non-physical mind. There's no dispute that the brain operates abnormally under the influence of entheogens - but you've got to ask yourself - what is the purpose of the normal functioning of the brain?

The brain hasn't evolved to represent ultimate reality to the mind. The brain has evolved by selection of the fittest (not the most truthful) to project the delusion of the inherently-existing self onto the mind. This delusion of a permanent, unchanging self is 'imputed' over the ever-changing transitory collection of biochemical building blocks that makes up the physical aspects of a sentient being.

These biochemical building blocks are brought together by a loose temporary alliance of selfish genes. This alliance comes into existence at conception and ends at death. When the brain is functioning *correctly*, it is acting in the best interests of the alliance.

The brain is the alliance's propaganda machine, and it is constantly exhorting the mind to:

" Preserve ME ! Reproduce ME ! "

The correct functioning of the propaganda machine is obviously necessary for the preservation and procreation of the species. Nevertheless, to perform its function the brain needs to project a distorted view of the self onto the mind.

Disruption of this ceaseless barrage of ME-ME propaganda by psychedelic agents enables the mind to temporarily push the doors of perception ajar and peek beyond mundane biologically-determined appearances.

Entheogens and the spiritual path

It's no secret that many Westerners have come to Buddhism via use of psychoactive substances (in fact the Buddhist magazine Tricycle once devoted an entire issue to this subject). This was especially true for the 'baby boomer' generation who reached adulthood in the sixties. Like the Beatles, they realised that mind-altering chemicals could demonstrate that there was a spiritual dimension to existence, but the only way for a westerner to follow it in any controlled manner was by meditation.

This isn't to disparage shamanism, but shamans typically undergo a prolonged period of meditative training before using these substances. The shaman will also use pure legal natural preparations of known potency, rather than illegally popping pills of dubious origin, or munching magic mushrooms which may or may not be the correct species.

Conclusion

Historically Buddhism has probably been helped in its spread to the West by prior familiarity with expanded mental states during the psychedelic era. But these factors would seem to be of declining influence nowadays. Present day use of psychedelic agents should be discouraged on the following grounds:

They are mostly illegal.
They are often adulterated and may cause physical and psychological problems.
They may contain or lead on to use of addictive substances.
There are the dangers of a bad trip - if your meditation gets a little freaky you can just stop. But if you've dropped acid you have no choice but to go where it takes you.
The dangers of a one-way trip. It takes a professional mycologist to identify mushroom species correctly. Get the wrong type of Amanita, and - Bye bye, its Bardo time!
Safe techniques of manifesting clear mind are now readily available in the form of meditation classes. Why use a sledgehammer to break down the doors of perception when you could simply unlock them by turning the key?


kwelos.tripod.com/entheogens.htm
posted by:
Auton
Vancouver
Advertisement
Advertisement
  • The Use of Entheogens in the Vajrayana Tradition

    Thu, October 15, 2009 - 9:18 PM

    "This investigation has focused primarily on the use of entheogens in the anuttara-yoga-tantra materials especially (but not exclusively) the Yogini-tantras. The research has centered on the use of datura and cannabis (which are consider entheogenic plants despite the fact that neither is a "classical psychedelic").

    The findings that have the most immediately obvious significance are the numerous references to pills, siddhi-drugs, and rasayana elixirs that contain either datura or cannabis. (Stablein 1976, Baker 2004, Gray. 2007, Walter 1986, Fenner 1979, Dash 1988, Arya 1998)"

    people.tribe.net/sahajanan...5b29b5d9da
    • Re: The Use of Entheogens in the Vajrayana Tradition

      Thu, October 15, 2009 - 10:00 PM
      <<<Safe techniques of manifesting clear mind are now readily available in the form of meditation classes. Why use a sledgehammer to break down the doors of perception when you could simply unlock them by turning the key? >>>.

      No substance is goint to make anyone a Buddhist or a Musilm or a Jew ..... no need of anything else to be any of these but to follow someone elses "doctrine"

      While the use of "enteogens" is illegal these "plants' have been used as "medicine" way longer than the Feds have existed .... true it is that is not something to "play" with .... but most people that oppose Cannabis or othe plant medicines, never used it, and will not touch it for their own reasons .... same with Mushrooms, Peyote, Ayahuasca and others ....

      few organizations will promote breaking any of the federal laws in the usa .... especiall non-profits ...

      AFAIK, the only ones that can use Enteogens Legaly are Native American in their Ceremonies (peyoye) and Santo Daime Church (ayahuasca)

      en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Daime

      These planst have been around for a long time

      "The ancient inebriant Soma, mentioned often in the Vedas, appears to be consistent with the effects of an entheogen. (In his 1967 book, Wasson argues that Soma was fly agaric. The active ingredient of Soma is presumed by some to be ephedrine, an alkaloid with stimulant and (somewhat debatable) entheogenic properties derived from the soma plant, identified as Ephedra pachyclada.) However, there are also arguments to suggest that Soma could have also been Syrian Rue, Cannabis, Belladonna or some combination of any of the above plants."

      en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entheogen

      "In 1977, at a mushroom conference on the Olympic Peninsula, R. Gordon Wasson, Albert Hoffman, and Carl Ruck first postulated, that the Eleusinian mysteries centered on the use of psychoactive fungi. "

      deoxy.org/mushman.htm

      In "The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross", John M. Allegro argues that Jesus was not a man but a hallucinogenic mushroom, Amanita muscaria; that the New Testament was concocted by addicts of the mushroom as a code for their mystical lore; and that the God of Jews and Christians is ultimately nothing more than a magnificent phallic symbol.

      www.amazon.com/Sacred-Mus.../0340128755

      Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution

      www.amazon.com/Food-Gods-.../0553371304
  • Re: Buddhism, Shamanism and the use of entheogens

    Fri, October 16, 2009 - 6:05 PM
    <<<In the legendary biographies of some Buddhist adepts from the 2nd- and 9th-centuries there are some clues which can be interpreted to reveal that the adepts were consuming psychedelic Amanita muscaria, 'fly agaric', mushrooms to achieve enlightenment. This secret ingredient in the alchemical elixir they used to attain 'realization' was, of course, unnamed, in keeping with their vows to maintain the secrecy of their practices. Its identity was concealed behind a set of symbols, some of which appeared in the Soma symbol system of the Rg Veda, some other symbols possibly passed down from a time of earlier shamanic use of the mushroom in the forests of Northern Eurasia, and some symbols that may be unique to these Buddhist legends. The congruity of these sets of symbols from Northern and Southern Asian traditions will be shown to be reflected in the Germanic tradition in some characteristics of the Oldest God, Odin. >>>

    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8583800

    Hajicek-Dobberstein S.
    “Soma siddhas and alchemical enlightenment: psychedelic mushrooms in Buddhist tradition”.
    J Ethnopharmacol. 1995;48(2):99-118.
  • Re: Buddhism, Shamanism and the use of entheogens

    Fri, October 16, 2009 - 6:14 PM
    Are Psychedelics Useful in the Practice of Buddhism?

    By Myron J. StolaroffReprinted from Journal of Humanistic Psychology, Volume 39, No. 1, Winter 1999, pp.60-80, 1999 Sage Publications, Inc. Reprinted by Permission of Sage Publications, Inc.

    In the fall of 1996 issue of the Buddhist magazine Tricycle, various teachers of Buddhistmeditation practice commented on the value of psychedelic experiences, with opinionsof them ranging from helpful to harmful. Here, the author hopes to explain these con-flicting viewpoints by describing important aspects of employing psychedelics that mustbe taken into account for effective results. These embrace proper methodology, whichincludes set and setting, dose levels, appropriate substances, appropriate intervals, andproper integration of each experience. The author has found the informed use of psyche-delics to be a valuable tool in accelerating proficiency and deepening meditative practiceand offers recommendations for successful use. The adverse comments of several recog-nized teachers are evaluated to shed further light on fruitful application of psychedelic substances.


    docs.google.com/gview
  • Re: Buddhism, Shamanism and the use of entheogens

    Fri, October 16, 2009 - 8:56 PM
    The best material mixing 2012, Buddhism, Shamanism and hallucinogens is Terence McKenna's Archaic Revival, especially the first chapter, an interview with Jay Levin, In Praise of Psychedelics.


    JL: You think you've gotten from your visions some sense of the nature of where we are going, but is there, in fact, a "choice point," a moment when the individual--or the species collectively--has to make a choice about this direction rather than that? Or is it simply that there is a direction of history in which we are naturally going?

    TM: The thing is, reality itself is not static. This is one of the things that the psychedelic is trying to put across, that the reality we're embedded in is itself some kind of an organism and is evolving toward a conclusion. Twentieth-century history is not simply a fluke or an anomaly--it is the culmination of a process that has been in motion for as long as the planet has been in existence. We are not alienated and outside of nature; we are somehow the cutting edge of it. And this vast output of buildings and highways and all the things that characterize the modern world is actually a feature of the natural world. Similarly, the evolution of technical intelligence on the surface of the planet, while new, is not unnatural.

    Human beings are therefore the natural agents for a compression that is building up in the temporal world toward transition into some higher dimension of existance. History is going to end. This iss the astonishing conclusion that I draw out of the psychedelic experience. And all the scenarios of history's ending that haunt human thinking on the matter, ranging from the Apocalypse of john down to the latest prophecies of the flying saucer cults, are attempts to grasp or come to grips with an intuition of transcendental departure from business as usual.

    Looking at present cultural trends and extrapolating them, it's reasonable to suggest that by the end of the Mayan calendar--which is in 2012 A.D.--we will be unrecognizable to ourselves, that what we take to be our creations, computers and technology, asre actually another level of ourselves. And that when we have worked out this peregrination through the profane labyrinth of history, we will recover what we knew in the beginning: the archaic union with nature that was seamless, unmediated by language, unmediated by notions of self and other, of life and death, of civilization and nature. These are all dualisms that are temporary and provisional within the labyrinth of history. This Archaic Revival means that all our religions were pale imitations of the Mystery itself. then people will say, "Now I understand! Now I understand why the pyramids, why the fall of Rome, why Auschwitz, why the H-bomb." All these things are signposts on the way to the transcendental object. And once we reach it, meaning will flood the entire human experience.

    JL: But to see people so transformed, so back in tune with nature on a mass level, would mean we were collectively prepared to put such low-consciousness matters as planetary pollution or the Arab-Israeli struggle behind us virtually overnight. For that to happen, wouldn't there have to be some kind of transcendent event? A visit from a flying saucer? Nuclear warfare? I don't know, I'm trying to remain a rationalist.

    TM: It seems highly improbable that such a thing would occur. However, look at something like the phenomenon of language in our species. How probable was that before it existed? It represents some kind of intersection of the monkey species with a transcendental force of some sort. And yet, once it came into existence, it is seen to be inherent in our biological organization.

    JL: Nothing in your drug experiences has shown you what that single shamanic event might be?

    TM: I think it could be something like this: The transcendental object, which has been well described since the sixteenth century, is the union of spirit and matter. The transcendental object is matter that behaves like thought, and it is a doorway into the imagination. This is so important, because it anticipates a life lived entirely in the imagination.

    Now you ask, "How could such a thing be?" Well, as just one hypothesis: Suppose a way were found to integrate human and machine intelligence to create a culture in which humans and machines were psychologically indistinguishable. This would allow us to influence the dimensions of that interaction. If we're creating another dimension, it might as well be paradise. So what today we contemplate as a transcendental object may be a salable technology by 2012.

    JL: In other words, you're saying that the transcendent event might conceivabley be the creation by 2012 of a computer program that we would interact with to bring us to a heightened state of existence? Maybe one created by a genius computer programmer and metaphyysician will tripping on psilocybin?

    TM: Yes, a computer program. The two concepts, drugs and computers, are migrating toward each other. If you add in the concept of "person" and say these three concepts--drugs, computer, and person--are migrating toward each other, then you realize that the monkey body is still holding a lot of our linguistic structure in place. But if the monkey body were to be dissolved, then we would be much more likely to define ourselves as pure information. I think this is what is happening--that beyond 2012 everybody becomes everything. All possibilities are realized, even possibilities that are mutually exclusive. Because the resolution and the realization of these possibilities occurs in a different kind of space--"nanotechnological" or psychological space, or a true hyperdimension. It's very hard to imagine what it will be like, because we simply do not have the metaphors and the experience to cognize what we are moving toward.

    JL: Can you conceptualize--or visualize--the nature of a computer program that would facilitate this higher-consciousness process?

    TM: Well, I have actually developed a piece of software that I call Timewave Zero. It's a fractal wave, a mechanical description of time that shows that all times are actually interference patterns created by other times interacting with each other and that all of these times originate from a single end state. Advanced versions of this kind of program could be created in the twenty-four years we have left until 2012.

    This isn't something human beings have to decide to do--this is something that is happening! The trick is to figure out what's going to happen that allows you to relate. The psychedelics help to do this because they anticipate the transcendental object. All religions anticipate the transcendental object. All great spiritual personalities, somehow, anticipate and embody the transcendental object. This is no longer centuries or millennia away. It is right here, right now. It is what explains the precipitous drop into novelty that the twentieth century represents. The twentieth century does not make any sense whatsoever unless it ends in a complete transformation of the species. And the nuclear death and the life-affirming factors are so inextricably intertwined tthat it will remain a horse race right up until the last moment.

    In one of my lectures, I asked, "What mushroom is it that blooms at the end of human history? Is it the mushroom of Teller and Fermi and Oppenheimer, or is it the mushroom of Albert Hoffman and Gordon Wasson and Richard Evans Shultes and Timothy Leary?" I believe that it will be very hard for people who are not insiders to figure out where to place their bets. But the very fact that you and I can have this conversation is proof of the nearness of this event. People couldn't say these things even thirty years ago--no one would understand. You know, in testing high-performance aircraft there's an expression "stretching the envelop," meaning pushing the performance capabilities to the absolute outer limits. This is what the twentieth century is doing to the planet and the human organism. We are stretching the envelop as we approach, not the sound barrier but the...call it the "mind barrier," the "social barrier." We will not disintegrate when we reach it and fall out of the sky. Instead, if we have designed our social spacecraft correctly, we will slip right on through into an infinite realm of potential human becoming.

    constellatingimage.blogspot.com/
    • Re: Buddhism, Shamanism and the use of entheogens

      Sat, October 17, 2009 - 12:56 AM
      I reckon psychoactives can be a useful insight into "mental illness" especially for those forms resulting from using pyschoactives...
      • Re: Buddhism, Shamanism and the use of entheogens

        Sat, October 17, 2009 - 2:23 AM
        yes, but they can also heal.........
        • Re: Buddhism, Shamanism and the use of entheogens

          Sat, October 17, 2009 - 3:51 AM
          heal what...?
          • Re: Buddhism, Shamanism and the use of entheogens

            Sat, October 17, 2009 - 4:44 AM
            "heal what...? "

            misadjusted attitudes.
            • Re: Buddhism, Shamanism and the use of entheogens

              Sat, October 17, 2009 - 8:02 AM
              Psychoactives are a crutch, but they come in very handy when the brain gets stuck in loops of conditioning from which it can't get free or on which it needs perspective. They alter the vibration enough to grant a new view and orientation, but of course they can be abused and become a rut unto themselves.
              • Re: Buddhism, Shamanism and the use of entheogens

                Sat, October 17, 2009 - 8:23 AM
                Entheogens are a tool, not the goal ....


                "Who would have thought," I said to the Patriarch, "that the Essence of Mind is intrinsically pure! Who would have thought that the Essence of Mind is intrinsically free from becoming or annihilation! Who would have thought that the Essence of Mind is intrinsically self-sufficient! Who would have thought that the Essence of Mind is intrinsically free from change! Who would have thought that all things are the manifestation of the Essence of Mind!" Knowing that I had realized the Essence of Mind, the Patriarch said, "For him who does not know his own mind there is no use learning Buddhism.” -- Hui-neng

                "But there’s another mind that is unborn, ungrown, and unconditioned. Unlike “your mind,” it’s unbound, for there is nothing beyond it. To this Mind, there is no “other mind. This Mind is nothing other than the Whole. It’s simply thus, the fabric of the world itself—the ongoing arising and falling away that are matter, energy, and events." - Steve Hagen’s book, Buddhism Plain and Simple

                "Mind has erected the objective outside world … out of its own stuff.." - Erwin Schrödinger

                quantumbuddhism.com/outline.html

                • Re: Buddhism, Shamanism and the use of entheogens

                  Sat, October 17, 2009 - 8:32 AM
                  "What is reality? We have become accustomed to firm ground beneath our feet and fleeting clouds in the sky. The concept of reality of Nagarjuna's philosophy and the concepts of complementarity and interactions of quantum physics teach us something quite different that one could express metaphorically: everything is built on sand, and not even the grains of sand have a solid core or nucleus. Their stability is based on the unstable interactions of their component parts."

                  Buddhism and Quantum Physics: A Strange Parallelism of Two Concepts of Reality
                  www.rationalvedanta.net/node/137
                  • This is the maximum depth. Additional responses will not be threaded.

                    Re: Buddhism, Shamanism and the use of entheogens

                    Sat, October 17, 2009 - 8:39 AM
                    Crystals can be used psychoactively too. Finally, all these toys are about tweaking and playing around with the vibrational environment. The revelation is that it is a very malleable environment. It is not set in stone.
                    • Re: Buddhism, Shamanism and the use of entheogens

                      Sat, October 17, 2009 - 9:01 AM
                      I'm big into shen tonics, which are plants that put us in better connection with spirit. Reishi mushrooms are an excellent example and i love them. They are major healers of body/mind and spirit alignment. I also very much like an herb called kanna. I like it so much i brought a whole lot of it. It grows in south africa. Here is the wikipedia article:


                      Sceletium tortuosum is a succulent herb commonly found in South Africa, which is also known as Kanna, Channa, Kougoed (Kauwgoed) - which literally means, 'chew(able) things/goodies' or 'something to chew'. The plant has been used by South African pastoralists and hunter-gatherers as a mood-altering substance from prehistoric times. The first known written account of the plant's use was in 1662 by van Riebeeck. The traditionally prepared dried sceletium was often chewed and the saliva swallowed, but it has also been made into gel caps, teas and tinctures. It has also been used as a snuff and smoked.[2]


                      Sceletium tortuosum in South Africa

                      Sceletium is known to elevate mood and decrease anxiety, stress and tension. It has also been used as an appetite suppressant by shepherds walking long distances in arid areas. In intoxicating doses it can cause euphoria, initially with stimulation and later with sedation. Users also report increased personal insight, interpersonal ease and a meditative, grounded feeling without any perceptual dulling. Having such properties Sceletium is classified as an empathogen type herb. Others have noted enhanced tactile and sexual response, as well as vivid dream inducing properties. High doses produce distinct inebriation and stimulation often followed by sedation. The plant is not hallucinogenic,[3] contrary to some literature on the subject, and no adverse effects have been documented. Kanna is considered a potentiator (enhancer of effects) for other psychoactive herbal material, such as cannabis.
                      [edit] Pharmacology
                      Main article: Mesembrine
                      Mesembrine, one of the five known psychoactive compounds in Sceletium tortuosum

                      S. tortuosum can cause significant mood-elevation and anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) action. In doses as low as 50 mg users have reported improvements in mood, decreased anxiety, relaxation and a sense of well-being. At higher dosages near 100 mg, kanna acts as a calming euphoriant and empathogen.[citation needed]

                      The alkaloids contained in S. tortuosum believed to possess psychoactivity include: mesembrine, mesembrenone, mesembrenol and tortuosamine.[2] Mesembrine is a major alkaloid present in Sceletium tortuosum, which is claimed by a US patent to be a potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor with stronger antidepressant effects than imipramine.[4] It is also believed to be a PDE4-inhibitor due to a strikingly similar chemical makeup and effects profile in comparison to rolipram.[5]

                      Sceletium tortuosum contains about 1-1.5% total alkaloids. There is about 0.3% mesembrine in the leaves and 0.86% in the stems of the plant.[1]
                      Interactions

                      Little is known about the interactions of S. tortuosum, although it should not be combined with SSRIs, MAOIs, cardiac or psychiatric medications. Headaches in conjunction with alcohol have been noted with kanna use. Some reports suggest a synergy with cannabis.[3]

                      en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scel..._tortuosum
                    • Re: Buddhism, Shamanism and the use of entheogens

                      Sat, October 17, 2009 - 9:03 AM
                      > Crystals can be used psychoactively too


                      "A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical or psychotropic substance is a chemical substance that acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it alters brain function, resulting in changes in perception, mood, consciousness and behavior. These drugs may be used recreationally to purposefully alter one's consciousness, as entheogens for ritual or spiritual purposes, as a tool for studying or augmenting the mind, or therapeutically as medication."

                      en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive_drug

                      I never expereinced or heard from anyone (excpet from a few people that have posted on this Tribe) any psychoactive effects while in close proximity to any Crystal ... and i have been in front on humungus Crystals at some of the locations near the Tucson Gem and Mineral Show, more than once.

                      With all due respects to your opinion and personal experierce, i have reasoned based on my own experience and experimentation that most Crystals Healings claims are Bogus .... but i could be wrong ...

                      I prefer using herbs/plants for healing .... i (and many others) have had much more reliable results using herbs/plants ... and even "science" can back up some of the medical properties of plants and/herbs


                      Is there any scientific research on the medicinal properties of Crystals that can parallel the ones done for plants/herbs ?

                      There is hardly any mention of treatments with Crystals in TCM or Ayurveda ....
                      • Re: Buddhism, Shamanism and the use of entheogens

                        Sat, October 17, 2009 - 10:13 AM
                        Here is is something I wrote recently on the Cognitive Science tribe by way of explanation:

                        "For instance, the fact that one can hold a magnesium silicate crystal in the hand and feel a relaxing effect is typically interpreted by new agers to indicate the presence of "consciousness" in the crystal, but that is not how I see it at all. The crystal is merely acting as a reflective modulator of some vibration the human body is feeding into it. The modulation is governed by the structure of the crystal. Crystals as modulators of frequency are of course well investigated in the field of electronics.
                        The surprise is that they may modulate ultra high vibrations that are not yet recordable by current instrumentation, and they may not be limited to what current science believes are the hard and fast rules of crystal resonance. The other surprise is that the structural "dopant" of the quartz (magnesium in this case) seems to be mimicking or somehow simulating a biochemical reaction similar to what can be experienced by direct ingestion of the doping element. Ingested magnesium can be a muscle relaxant, and the anecdotal lore about magnesite is that it is a muscle relaxant. My own subjective experience agrees with that.

                        There are some other crystals which tend to have equally unambiguous bioeffects. The beryls - especially phenacite and herderite - can knock some people on their ear and put them into an extremely novel and quiescent brain state. Beryl is quite toxic and has no known beneficial role in human biochemistry, so it is perhaps not surprising that it feels so strange when experienced as a crystal modulated vibration. Lithium included quartzes are also well know for their relaxing effect and also a novel psychological state that experiencers find difficult to describe. It may not parallel the psychoactive result of lithium ingestion, but it feels psychologically altering. I am not familiar with the biochemical theory behind lithium psychotherapy.
                        So, my own take based on my own subjective experience and many, many anecdotal reports is that so called "inert" matter can be animated in the sense of its being an ambient environmental feedback agent or reflector, and that the human organism can have a cross space "dialogue" with the material environment that is purely vibrational and without "content" other than whatever interpretation one may be inclined to come up with based on one's own bent of mind.
                        Unfortunately, this area of experience is known to most people through the veil of new ageism, so they don't bother to look very far or deep into it, and they allow preexisting prejudices and knee jerk judgements to bar the door."















Recent topics in "Year 2012"